Marketing Mix Essay

Presentation Promoting Mix is a significant idea in current showcasing and includes for all intents and purposes everything that an advertising organization can use to impact purchaser discernment well towards its item or administrations with the goal that customer and authoritative targets are achieved, for example Advertising blend is a model of making and executing showcasing system. In this task, I will examine the significant showcasing blend factors as characterized by Prof. E. Jerome McCarthy which are: I. Item ii. Cost iii. Spot (Distribution) iv. Advancement. All through the task I will want to utilize my reference to Sony Corporation. I will allude to this organization how it has enhance its market items, the value extend, places for circulation and the limited time techniques they have used to advance their items. SONY Corporation In Brief Sony Corporation is a global combination partnership headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world’s biggest media aggregate with income of US$88.7 billion (starting at 2008) situated in Minato, Tokyo. Sony is one of the main makers of gadgets, video, correspondences, computer game consoles and data innovation items for the customer and expert markets. Its name is gotten from Sonus, the Greek goddess of sound. Sony Corporation is the gadgets specialty unit and the parent organization of the Sony Group, which is occupied with business through its five working segmentsâ€electronics, games, amusement (movies and music), monetary administrations and other. These make Sony one of the most exhaustive amusement organizations on the planet. Sony’s head business activities incorporate Sony Corporation (Sony Electronics in the U.S.), Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment, Sony BMG Music Entertainment, Sony Ericsson and Sony Financial Holdings. As a semiconductor creator, Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders. The company’s motto is Sony. Like no other. SONY Products The principal advertise blend component is Product. An item is whatever can be offered to a business opportunity for consideration, securing, use or utilization that may fulfill a need or need. Item choice regularly base on brand name, Functionality, Styling, Quality, Safety, Packaging, Repairs and Support, Warranty, extras and Services. These item characteristics can be controlled relying upon what the objective market needs. Likewise, clients consistently search for better than ever things, which is the reason advertisers ought to improve existing items, grow new ones, and suspend old ones that are not, at this point required or needed by the client. Sony has an assortment of items extending from electronic gadgets, games and diversion. In this way, quickly Sony items can be ordered in the accompanying significant item classifications: I. TV and Projectors: Bravia LCD TV, CRT TV, Home theater projector, Business Projector, Public Display Panel. ii. Home video: Blue-beam plate player, DVD player, DVD convenient player. iii. Home Audio: Hi-Fi Systems, Home sound adornments. For example Advanced media port. iv. Home Theater framework: DVD Home Theater System, Home Theater Component System, Home Theater System Accessories. v. Advanced Photography: Digital SLR, Cybershot Digital Camera, Digital Photo Printer, Digital Photo Frame vi. Hand cam camcorder: Handycam superior quality camcorder, Handycam Standard Definition Video Camera, Handycam Accessoriesiv, Digital Photo Printer, Digital Photo Frame. vii. PC Peripherals: VAIO PCs and PCs, VAIO embellishments, Business Projectorsiv, Memory Stick. viii. Versatile Audio: Walkman mp3 arrangement, CD Walkman arrangement, CD/Radio/Cassette player, Radio, Voice recorder, Audio Accessories ix. Game: Playstation 3, Playstation 2, PSP (Playstation Portable) x. In-Car diversion: Xplod CD recipient, Xplod in vehicle visual, Xplod Cassette collector, Xplod Amplifier, Xplod Speaker/Subwoofer xi. Cel l phones: Phones, Phone Accessories. xii. Capacity and Recording media: Memory Stick, USB stockpiling media, Data stockpiling media, Video Storage media, Audio media, Storage media, Professional media. xiii. Battery and Charger SONY Promotion Brief Introduction: Advancement is a key component of showcasing program and is concerned withâ effectively and productively conveying the choices of promoting system, to well impact target customers’ discernments to encourage trade between the advertiser and the client that may fulfill the goal of both client and the organization. A company’s limited time endeavors are the main controllable intends to make mindfulness among publics about itself, the items and administrations it offers , their highlights and impact their perspectives well. Promoting: SONY has publicized its items through various ways and media. Through TV we have seen various ads of its items, for example, Bravia TVs or Sony wega TV. Sony likewise publicize its items by focusing on those good TV programs, similar to sports, arrangement and furthermore it has its own channel called Sony TV channel. Sony utilizes a few occasions like Miss India2008 to advance its items. Likewise, Sony has promoted its games like Playstation 3, Playstation 2 and PSP utilizing sports like football in England debut class. Through papers like Times of India, Sony has publicized a wide scope of items it offers to its clients. And furthermore through Posters a message has been sent to many individuals to know about the items which Sony offers. Sony additionally utilizes direct †reaction publicizing. This is kind of promoting that urges the shopper to react either by giving criticism to the promoter or submitting the request with the publicist either by phone, mail or the web. Such promoting is done through post office based mail or lists. Sony fuses co-employable promoting in its publicizing procedure. Sony company gives the sellers (for example Sony World) with the materials and rules to create advertisements for print, TV or radio ads. This guarantees message is in accordance with, what the production needs to impart. The organization and the vendors for the most part share the media costs and thus, the name ‘co-usable advertising’. Deals Promotion: Sales advancement is a showcasing discipline that uses an assortment of motivators strategies to structure deals †related projects focused to clients, exchange, and additionally deals levels that create a particular, quantifiable activity or reaction for an item or administration. Deals advancements for instance incorporates free examples, markdown, refunds, coupons, substance and sweepstakes, premiums, scratch cards, trade offers, brisk riser prizes, and so forth. Sony has advanced its items through various deals promotionalâ strategies. For instance after the arrival of the Sony BRAVIA TVs, Sony advanced them by baron winged creature prizes by saying that all BRAVIA full HD LCDTVs bought during July 2008 and enlisted inside about fourteen days of procurement fit the bill for a Bonus Playstation 3 as long as the client claims is one of the first35,000 got and approved by Sony. Likewise Sony has advanced its Sony Ericsson P1i telephones by including a scratch cards which gives the client the proposal to download 10 free programming application for that cell phone. Sony Ericsson has likewise advanced its Sony Ericsson K550i Mid-Range Cyber-shot Phone that on the off chance that you get it you get a free Bluetooth headset with one year manufacturer’s guarantee Advertising and Publicity: Public relations is a wide arrangement of correspondence exercises utilized to make and keep up good connection with workers, investors, providers, media, instructors, likely speculators, budgetary establishments, government offices and authorities and society all in all. Through its site, Sony enterprise has its given contacts to those clients who will be needing any data from the organization. Thusly Sony can make a shared relationship with its clients and guarantee that it serves the desires and requests of its clients. SONY Place (Distribution) Choices as for dissemination channel center around making the item accessible in satisfactory amounts at places where clients are ordinarily expected to look for them to fulfill their necessities. Contingent upon the idea of the item, advertising the executives chooses to institute an elite, particular or serious system of dispersion, while choosing the fitting sellers or wholesalers. Sony being simply the organization which positions as a vender of sturdy and top of the line items, it is rehearsing particular circulation of its items from the specific sellers for example SONY World. Aside from this there are dark markets in India and different nations where an act of concentrated market inclusion is polished, and the items in these sort of business sectors regularly don't groups all the highlights and advantages which Sony offers for example guarantee and assurance. Sony circulates its items in different channels. It utilizes Zero-level channel, one level channelâ and two-level channel. In India, Sony has utilized the technique for one-level dissemination channel. This implies, client purchase their Sony item from the retailers perceived by Sony, and these retailers purchase the items legitimately from the organization itself. SONY Price Valuing choices are quite often made in discussion with showcasing the board. Cost is the main advertising blend variable that can be changed rapidly. Value factors, for example, seller value, retail value, limits, recompenses, credit terms and so forth impact the advancement of promoting procedure, as cost is a main consideration that impacts the evaluation of significant worth got by clients. Clients legitimately relate cost to quality, especially if there should be an occurrence of items that are self image serious of innovation based. Sony being an organization which stress item quality, it will in general sell its items with value run from respectably high to significant expenses

Implant Dentistry Essay Example

Embed Dentistry Essay An efficient audit was performed on examines researching momentum issues in embed dentistry. The Journal of Dental Research and Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology were looked from 2004 to 2010 utilizing ScienceDirect. Measures for incorporation included: (1) investigations of embed arrangement; (2) perceptions with respect to changeless false teeth; (3) information considering issue that remains to be worked out recuperating; and (4) aftereffects of embed strategies in old patients. This electronic inquiry of the writing yielded more than 2,000 digests. As of late distributed papers uncovered the significance of noteworthy issue that remains to be worked out contact just as positive embed surface harshness. Effective embed position; in other words, osseointegration, increments with the utilization of bone development factors, just as different surface medicines. The examinations chose showed that, among the two patients and experts, dental inserts are frequently the favored technique for treatment. From supplanting a solitary tooth to permitting the situation of full false teeth, proof based research in implantology has prompted both a consistently expanding number of treatment alternatives, and longer enduring outcomes for dental patients. Prologue to Implant Dentistry As a calling, the act of dentistry returns as similarly to the extent the act of medication. Dentistry itself can be thought of as a specialization of medication †managing the oral cavity, jaw, and neck in a way like numerous clinical masters. The act of embed d entistry, then again, is fairly new †and is situated in an enormous measure of proof based research. From a result point of view, implantology is the most unsurprising of dental techniques. We will compose a custom article test on Implant Dentistry explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Implant Dentistry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Implant Dentistry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The utilization of dental inserts was acted in the US as right on time as 1950, yet it was not until the 1980’s, with the revelation of the solidification capability of titanium, that inserts turned into a staple of dental experts. Embed innovation is significant to the a great many children of post war America with periodontal malady or other dental issues who want never to mishandle with awkward false teeth or acclimate to an awkward extension. It is thus that Implant Dentistry has been of consistently expanding significance to the dental calling. The utilization of Dental Implant Systems is very not normal for some different regions of dentistry to the extent that that there has been a lot of investigation into all parts of its training. Imaging innovation, materials inquire about, and new instrumentation have smoothed out the movement from finding to treatment to such an extraordinary degree, that results are normally unsurprising and fruitful. Considering the moderately ongoing nature of Implant Dentistry’s appearance on the scene, its assessment as for the fate of the dental calling is expected. Past for whatever length of time that humankind has been in presence, so too have teeth. All through a lifetime essential teeth rise and are lost, by perpetual dentition. Embed dentistry, the substitution of lasting dentition, discovers its underlying foundations in the advances in metallurgy of the late 1800s. Gold and Platinum, just as porcelain were totally utilized in endeavors to stay inserts to the Jawbone. Titanium, the metal around which embed dentistry is assembled today, was first utilized during the 1980s. A Swedish specialist, Per-Ingvar Branemark found that titanium could stay to bone typically, without causing aggravation or genuine dismissal dangers. This spearheading disclosure made ready for embed dentistry based around osseointegration. Embed frameworks today, spinning around the use of titanium screws as dental inserts, are situated in the disclosures of Branemark. Inside the previous twenty years, the science behind osseointegration has been aced to such an extent, that everything from progress rates to average recuperation times can be known. Other moderately ongoing upgrades, remembering changes for careful procedures and advances in bone joining have significantly more incredibly improved the specialty of Implantology. Clinical envisioning improvements and the advancement of new embed items keep the work on developing at a pace for the 21st century. The examination and innovation that makes inserts both more secure and longer-enduring exists on the open market today. Present Today, innovation and optional spending by gen X-ers are liable for the astounding development of embed dentistry over the most recent 10 years. People born after WW2 will be the most extravagant senior-resident age in our history, and the embed business, similar to all others, is driven by the intensity of the dollar. While interest for inserts is flooding, the interest for the standard methods or a geriatric populace isn't manageable. The market will modify and dental specialists today should get ready for future patterns. Albeit conceivable today, it is far-fetched that 10 or 15 years down the line any training will be effortlessly kept up rotating around inserts alone. The high per-capita riches, and relative plenitude of t he age bunch imply that plans of action based around their reality will be vain ten years not far off. The cutting edge to be needing dental consideration, those conceived in the late 60’s and mid 70’s profited by better pediatric dental consideration. The general frequency of periodontal sickness and tooth misfortune ought to be lower, contrasted with that of the person born after WW2 age. A drawn out arrangement for the future must be situated in the momentary usage of a huge number of embed based systems. In this way, embed dentistry should turn into a normal assistance in a general dentist’s office. This mainstreaming of the embed business will permit general experts access to people needing one, two, or even three set inserts †a need which ordinarily emerges due to legitimate need as the aftereffect of a mishap or injury. Despite the fact that the general market for inserts will shrivel, the center interest won't. Inserts are presently broadly acknowledged by dental experts and patients as better than bridgework and different methods to supplant missing teeth. Accordingly, the interest in new advancements and items will proceed by embed organizations. Today there is no other control that can flaunt the capacity to supplant a body part to flawlessness as embed dentistry. Inserts are unsurprising, deep rooted substitutions which, regardless of whether harmed, can be fixed without any difficulty. Looking at the lifetime of a dental embed to that of a hip or knee substitution is lighting up. There is no motivation behind why an embed may come up short, however both knee and hip substitutions typically last around 15 years. Later on, embed innovation and bone development elements will propel the calling considerably further. Research There are a few domains inside dentistry that are somehow associated with inserts. Indeed, even research not legitimately associated with the methodology identified with implantology is uncovering. More established patients today experience an extraordinary increment in their general personal satisfaction in the wake of being presented to the advantages of embed medical procedure. A change from removable entures to embed false teeth permits the older to eat more ‘normally’ just as more nutritiously. New research today rotates around the two materials and bone development factors. Longitudinal research is likewise particularly relevant to embed dentistry, as it situated in the responses of issue that remains to be worked out mater ials. Innovation Surface medicines and nanotechnology that improve the pace of osseointergation are molding what's to come. These progressions are energizing however they additionally present an issue as new embed structures and surfaces regularly are clinically untested by makers. Long haul inquire about and clinical use will help make these items progressively unsurprising. It is along these lines that makers procure trust among dental experts. General Practice Until moderately as of late, principally oral specialists were the ones putting dental inserts. It wasn’t until the late nineties that periodontists started setting inserts too. Today it is the general dental specialist who places, by an enormous edge, most of dental inserts. Strangely enough, the preparation vital so as to play out a dental embed is somewhat sensible. The American Association of Implant Dentistry accepts that following 300 hours of pedantic preparing, just as extra clinical guidance, both general dental specialists and authorities should feel great, and well prepared enough to put dental inserts. Implantology is hence generally open to all individuals from the dental calling. Authorities The starting points of the situation of dental inserts lie with the oral specialist. A specialist by calling, the eventual fate of cutting edge strategies in embed dentistry lay with the masters. Similarly as with the entirety of dentistry, the additionally testing cases are regularly alluded to the individuals who represent considerable authority in a specific part of dental medication. Specifically, the arrangement of perpetual false teeth is probably not going to be frequently performed by general dental specialists. Requiring the situation of either four or six embeds simultaneously, exactness is required during medical procedure, similar to a lot of observing of recuperation. Despite the fact that it is far-fetched that masters will have the option to keep up rehearses worked around embed dentistry, it is plausible that the specialty of embed arrangement will keep on being a vital piece of any progressed and pecialized practice. Future The acquaintance of titanium inserts with those rehearsing implantology could be viewed as the advancement with the most gravity of the previous 20 years. Titanium coordinates with bone quite well. Titanium inserts are utilized in o

How Do You Let Go

How Do You Let Go In this video, The Minimalists end Season 2 of Livingroom Conversations by answering, in detail, minimalisms fundamental question: How do you let go? You can watch both seasons of Livingroom Conversations, and ask questions for future episodes, on YouTube. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

A Poetry Comparison of Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two...

A Poetry Comparison of Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes and Nothings Changed The poem Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes has been chosen to be compared with Nothings Changed. Nothings Changed is an autobiographical poem. Tatamkhulu Afrika has written this poem on the system of apartheid, which kept white and black South Africans segregated. He writes that, despite the changing political situation, there are still huge inequalities between blacks and whites. Two Scavengersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ describes four people held together for a moment at a red traffic light. Lawrence Ferlinghetti writes about the differences that he has observed in society. Both†¦show more content†¦This slows the poem down and gives the reader time to appreciate each idea. The unusual layout of the poem suggests that it follows the poets thought processes as he observes the scene before him. The details build up gradually and are somewhat reminiscent of stream of consciousness narrative. The poem is divided into three sections. The first sets the scene (lines 1 - 9), the second adds detail (lines 10 - 30) and the final section reflects on what this tells the poet about society as a whole. The whole of Nothings Changed has been written in present tense. Although he is recalling a past experience, it is as if the poet is re-living the experience as he writes. The language that is used highlights the impression that segregation still exists - words and phrases such as labouring, anger and mean make the reader engage with the poets emotions. His anger is described as hot, white, inwards turning / anger. Literary features used in the poem are alliteration, repetition and assonance. Comparison is done between the inn and the cafÃÆ' ©. The viewpoint in the poem is also carefully established. The first stanza, for example, puts the reader in the poets shoes. A first person account makes it more likely that the reader will see things from the poets point of view. In the poem Two Scavengersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the language the poet uses helpsShow MoreRelatedHow Is Contrast Used in ‘Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes, Compared to the Use of Contrast in ‘Nothings Changed?1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe two poems I am comparing are ‘Two Scavengers in a truck, Two Beautiful people in a Mercedes, written by Lawrence Ferlinghetti, which shows the contrast between rich and poor in San Francisco, and ‘Nothings Changed, written by Tatamkhulu Afrika. ‘Nothings Changed is an autobiographical poem about a man returning to the town he grew up in as an adult, and how everything is still the same. The tone of ‘Two Scavengers changes between sombre, when the poet is describing the two garbage menRead MoreComparison of Nothings Changed with Two Scavengers in a Truck1077 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Nothings Changed with Two Scavengers in a Truck Both poets convey strong ideas about the inherent divisions that are inherent in modern-day society. Afrika conveys his ideas by writing about racial discrimination and segregation in South Africa, informing the reader about the differences in the quality of life for Blacks and Whites. Ferlinghetti, however, decides to tackle the theme of social/wealth

Italian Verbs Incontrarsi Conjugations

incontrarsi: to meet up (with), run into each other; agree, think alike; play (sports) Regular  first-conjugation Ialian verbReciprocal verb  (requires a  reflexive pronoun) INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO Presente io mi incontro tu ti incontri lui, lei, Lei si incontra noi ci incontriamo voi vi incontrate loro, Loro si incontrano Imperfetto io mi incontravo tu ti incontravi lui, lei, Lei si incontrava noi ci incontravamo voi vi incontravate loro, Loro si incontravano Passato remoto io mi incontrai tu ti incontrasti lui, lei, Lei si incontr noi ci incontrammo voi vi incontraste loro, Loro si incontrarono Futuro semplice io mi incontrer tu ti incontrerai lui, lei, Lei si incontrer noi ci incontreremo voi vi incontrerete loro, Loro si incontreranno Passato prossimo io mi sono incontrato/a tu ti sei incontrato/a lui, lei, Lei si incontrato/a noi ci siamo incontrati/e voi vi siete incontrati/e loro, Loro si sono incontrati/e Trapassato prossimo io mi ero incontrato/a tu ti eri incontrato/a lui, lei, Lei si era incontrato/a noi ci eravamo incontrati/e voi vi eravate incontrati/e loro, Loro si erano incontrati/e Trapassato remoto io mi fui incontrato/a tu ti fosti incontrato/a lui, lei, Lei si fu incontrato/a noi ci fummo incontrati/e voi vi foste incontrati/e loro, Loro si furono incontrati/e Future anteriore io mi sar incontrato/a tu ti sarai incontrato/a lui, lei, Lei si sar incontrato/a noi ci saremo incontrati/e voi vi sarete incontrati/e loro, Loro si saranno incontrati/e SUBJUNCTIVE/CONGIUNTIVO Presente io mi incontri tu ti incontri lui, lei, Lei si incontri noi ci incontriamo voi vi incontriate loro, Loro si incontrino Imperfetto io mi incontrassi tu ti incontrassi lui, lei, Lei si incontrasse noi ci incontrassimo voi vi incontraste loro, Loro si incontrassero Passato io mi sia incontrato/a tu ti sia incontrato/a lui, lei, Lei si sia incontrato/a noi ci siamo incontrati/e voi vi siate incontrati/e loro, Loro si siano incontrati/e Trapassato io mi fossi incontrato/a tu ti fossi incontrato/a lui, lei, Lei si fosse incontrato/a noi ci fossimo incontrati/e voi vi foste incontrati/e loro, Loro si fossero incontrati/e CONDITIONAL/CONDIZIONALE Presente io mi incontrerei tu ti incontreresti lui, lei, Lei si incontrerebbe noi ci incontreremmo voi vi incontrereste loro, Loro si incontrerebbero Passato io mi sarei incontrato/a tu ti saresti incontrato/a lui, lei, Lei si sarebbe incontrato/a noi ci saremmo incontrati/e voi vi sareste incontrati/e loro, Loro si sarebbero incontrati/e IMPERATIVE/IMPERATIVO Presente — incontrati, si incontri, incontriamoci, incontratevi, si incontrino INFINITIVE/INFINITO Presente  Ã¢â‚¬â€ incontrarsi Passato — essersi incontrato PARTICIPLE/PARTICIPIO Presente — incontrantesi ​ Passato  Ã¢â‚¬â€ incontratosi GERUND/GERUNDIO Presente  Ã¢â‚¬â€ incontrandosi Passato — essendosi incontrato

Covering Letter for Acca Course Free Essays

August 21, 9999 XYZ University International Admissions Office XYZ Street, London, UK Dear Sir/Madam: I am a senior consultant at Alpha Beta Pvt Ltd. , and would like to pursue ACCA course at XYZ University. I am very much interested to make a career in the field of Accounting and Finance which has always intrigued me on the magic of numbers and their impact on business and society at large. We will write a custom essay sample on Covering Letter for Acca Course or any similar topic only for you Order Now And I found that my interest lies in Accounting/Assurance, where I can best use my numeracy and analytical skills. I would like to pursue my further education in Accounting with a global qualification as ACCA which would provide me an excellent start in core accountancy skills there by helping me build a successful career in finance. Also the work experience, I gained in Human Resources in management level would put me in a superior position to better comprehend some of the management level papers of ACCA course. After all my research on where to study for ACCA, I found XYZ University to be the best place to study and prepare for an ACCA global qualification. I am excited about XYZ’s world class teaching commitment towards accounting for which it has been known for many years and I am keenly looking forward to be a part of XYZ. At 10+2 level, my concentration was in Maths, Physics and Chemistry, which has strengthened my analytic skills. And my work experience all these years in Operations and Human Resources has broadened my understanding of the economics of business growth and development. And my work experience with Alpha Beta and Sigma Omega over the last four years gave me the experience and confidence to work in a dynamic, fast-paced organization where learning uickly and attention to details are instrumental to success. As a member of the recruitment operations, I had chance to interact with senior management from global firms like Invesco Ltd, Franklin Templeton, Cognizant Technology Solutions and Capgemini which has further aided my business understanding. And acquiring global financial qualification like ACCA would surely help in enhancing my finance and business understanding along with my analytical skills using which I can make a mark for myself with the support and guidance from XYZ. In order to gain hands on basics in Accounting before I start ACCA course with BPP, I have registered myself with The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) which is the awarding body for Chartered Accountants in India, with which I am studying Fundamentals of Accounting along with General Economics, Mercantile Law and Quantitative Aptitude. Thank you for your consideration. I very much look forward to the opportunity to get trained for my ACCA qualification by XYZ. Sincerely, ABC GYC How to cite Covering Letter for Acca Course, Essay examples

Essay Humans In The Biosphere Example For Students

Essay Humans In The Biosphere Biosphere:The biosphere is part of the earth in which life exists. It is 20 kilometers thick from the bottom of the ocean to the lower atmosphere. It consists of three layers: the lithosphere, which is the land on the surface of the earth; the hydrosphere, which comprises of the water on the earth as well as water vapor in the air; and the atmosphere, which is made up of the air that surrounds the earth. The living organisms in the biosphere interact and affect each other in many ways. This is called a biotic community. There are non-living elements that have an effect on living organisms, these are considered abiotic factors. Some examples of abiotic factors are air, temperature, water, soil, light, and minerals. In a biosphere, organisms live in special groupings for instance a population consists of all individuals of a type living in a general area. An community is a population located in a certain area living among different species. An ecosystem is a larger mass of a population, a community, and abiotic factors. Ecosystems can be aquatic or terrestrial. The earths aquatic ecosystem makes up about 75% of the earths surface. This aquatic environment is divided into marine and freshwater environments. The earths earthly ecosystem is mainly made up of forests and deserts, which make up for 25% of the earths surface. The role or function of an organism in a community is that organisms function. An organisms role is an area picked by that organism based on physical factors such as temperature, light, oxygen and carbon dioxide content and biological factors such as food, competition for resources and predators. This niche provides the organism a place to live in. A habitat remains consistent with an organisms niche as well as provides the organism with a place to reproduce. In this case, organisms may have the same habitat, but different niches. There are three types of relationships involving the interactions between organisms. They are mutualism* (mutually beneficial association between different kinds of organisms), commensalisms* (a relation between two kinds of organisms in which one obtains food or other benefits from the other without damaging or benefiting it), and parasitism* (an intimate association between organisms of tow of more kind; especially: one of which a parasite obtains from a host which it usually injures.)1.) Mutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from their interaction with each other. An example is the honey bee and a flowering plant. 2.) Commensalisms only benefits one organism, but the other organism is not affected. 3. ) Parasitism only benefits one organism and harms the other organism, which most of the time is the host. In the ecosystem, matter and nutrients are cycled by way of biogeochemical cycles such as water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and phosphorous. The burning of fossil fuels contributes to the industrial cycle of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This contributes to the greenhouse effect, which has been a reason for global warming. Nitrogen is found in the atmosphere and makes up about 78% of the earths air mixture. Oxygen makes up about 22% of the earths air mixture, and pollutants make up about 1% of the earths air mixture. Nitrogen is important in the development of organisms on earth, as the make compounds such as proteins and amino acid. These compounds are important because they make up DNA and other compounds crucial to the formation and sustenance of life. Changes in an ecosystem are brought about by different factors. For example, ecological series brings about the replacement of one community by another in an ecosystem. In other instances, organisms that colonize an area with no community present are considered pioneer organisms. A climax community is the final stage of development of organisms and can be disrupted by a major catastrophe like a volcanic eruption. .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 , .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .postImageUrl , .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 , .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7:hover , .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7:visited , .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7:active { border:0!important; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7:active , .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7 .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uba4f1572e557ee9474c580b612bd1af7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: SOLAR POWER Essay Bibliography:Charlene Ngong: http://Science/Ecology_lab_report.shtml

Changes in HM from 2005 to 2010

Organizational overview Hennes Mauritz AB (HM) was incepted way back in 1948 and has been an active player in the designing, manufacturing, distribution and selling of clothing materials. It is based in Sweden with several marketing points both at the local and international level (H M., 2005).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Changes in HM from 2005 to 2010 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For decades now, the company has been a major competitor in the clothing industry by producing a wide range of clothing designs and the associated accessories. For instance, its clothing range include but not limited to footwear, cosmetic products and related accessories, sports fittings for all both minors and adults as well as inner-wears for all type of users (Just-style.com., 2011). To date, there are an estimated 20 production offices hosted by the company. In terms of its supplies especially for raw materials, HM h as a wide network of independent suppliers derived from Europe and Asia who provide the company with adequate goods need for continued production. Moreover, the company has so far managed to expand its operations in over 37 countries with an estimated two thousand retail outlets spread across these locations (H M., 2008). Nonetheless, Sweden, United Kingdom and Germany still serve as the principle markets for HM. In terms of marketing, HM makes use of a mixed variety of marketing strategies in order to reach out for its wide clientele base. For instance, it is currently embracing online marketing through the internet as well as catalogues which are found both online and in the real physical stores. As part of its geographic expansion program, internet marketing has been adopted beyond Sweden, the host country for the company. Customers in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Finland and Denmark can now obtain product details through online shops and catalogues.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As already mentioned, HM was established towards the close of 1940s. The brain child behind the company was Erling Persson. During the threshold years, the company was dealing with women’s clothing, but it later diversified to incorporate clothing needs for the entire family. The expansion into men’s wear in 1968 was occasioned by the acquisition of Stockholm hunting equipment store which had been mainly dealing with men’s fittings. Mauritz Widforss was a key player in male clothing and upon its acquisition by Persson, HM broadened its production perspective. Consequently, the new acquisition together with the old store was rebranded as Hennes Mauritz (HM). currently, most of the manufacturing courtesy of HM is carried out in most European and Asian countries such as Turkey, Pakistan, India, Egypt, China and Bangladesh (H M., 200 8). Research objectives The main objective of this research study is to explore, evaluate and critically analyse the major changes that took place in HM from 2005 to 2010. In addition, the paper seeks to incorporate the latest models and change theories that are relevant to HM. Research methodology The availability of sufficient data on the activities of HM since it was established will, indeed facilitate the research work on this topic. Hence, secondary research will be used throughout the research study. Consequently, information for the essay will be acquired through the internet, books, journal articles, magazines, and newspapers. Scope and limitations of the research This research study aims at circumnavigating through the changes which took place in HM between 2005 to 2010 with the application change models and theories pertaining to the company.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Changes in HM from 2005 to 2010 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although secondary research method may be quite smooth to undertake since it entails referring other people’s work, this research method is not void of its own limitations. For instance, there is a higher likelihood of encountering outdated sources or those that require permissions to access. Such limitations may hinder the validity and soundness of information being gathered (Carnall, 2003; Colville et al., 1993). Key changes in HM from 2005 to 2010 Geographical expansion One of the development agenda that HM has embarked on since 2005 is the opening up of new branches across the borders. For instance, the company has been on the forefront towards opening up new stores in other countries. One of such latest development is its expansion to Croatia (Haas Hayes, 2006). Way back in 2009, South Korea was also benefitted from another store courtesy of HM. the new store was located in the South Korean capital although actual operations was started in spring of 2010. Marketing HM has diversified its marketing strategies to include more than just use of catalogues and internet marketing. For example, the song â€Å"Hang to market its brand of clothing materials and related accessories (Just-style.com., 2011). This was a sharp divergence from the previous traditional modes of marketing whereby consumers could only be reached out ordinary TV and radio ads. Its UK website used the song as the background music. Partnerships A collection by McCartney was launched by the company towards the end of 2005 as part of the new form of collaboration that was perceived would improve the trading activities of the company. A year later, Victor Rolf designers from Dutch also entered into some form of partnership or collaboration.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pop star Madonna also graced yet another collaboration in March 2007, while in mid the same year, game developers Maxis worked with HM in developing a computer game that would not only boost the publicity and likeability of the company, but also market HM staff rigorously. All these new collaborations were aimed at improving the image of the company while at the same time laying a firm a foundation for the competitive and dynamic market (Hayes, 2002). Roberto Cavalli, an Italian designer also collaborated with HM from November 2007. This was a marketing mix that led to heavy selling by HM. before the end of 2007, another collection of designs was launched in China with the need to popularize HM products in the Far East. Comme des Garcons, a Japanese company, was appointed as a designer in the guest level in the fall of 2008. Mathew Williamson, a British designer, also partnered with HM in the spring and summer of 2009 when he developed two outstanding design portfolios for the c ompany. In one of the collections, women’s fittings were dispatched in some appointed stores. In the second range of designs, HM was supplied with men’s clothing that was only floated in selected outlets. This was notably the first time when Williamson was branching into men’s wear, through the changes brought in by HM. A limited edition was released by the company in November 2009 with a price range of between 30-70 pounds. This was done through diffusion collection, hosted by Choo Jimmy. Most of the clothing items introduced in this edition was comprised mainly of shoes for both men and women as well women’s handbags. Another interesting change in this edition was that clothing designs by Choo found their entry into HM marketing ring for the same time. Additionally, lingerie and ladies’ knit wear were also introduced into several stores in 2009 from Sonia Rykiel designers. Lanvin, a French fashion centre, also partnered with HM in the fall of 201 0 when it was launching its 2010 designer in the guest level. Home furnishing In order to diversify its trading portfolio, HM announced the intention of venturing into furniture market especially those used in households. The internet catalogue of the company played a crucial role in 2009 in advertising the various home furnishing offers. However, sales of home furniture are only implemented in locations where HM accepts online buying. Some of these countries include United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, Finland as well as Denmark. The Lewin’s model as illustrated in the diagram below: Indeed demonstrates that HM has realized the importance of business diversification by accomplishing the three stages of change namely unfreezing, moving and refreezing whereby all the changes that have been implemented are consolidated so that there worth can easily be assessed or evaluated by the management of the organization. Environment In its production activities, HM has been faced with myriad challenges on matters pertaining to the environment. Government regulations across various countries where the company operates demand environmental impact assessment to be done in order to ascertain the risk level of industrial activities at any given time. It is against this backdrop that HM began to critically assess and evaluate the carbon foot print of its production process. In 2008, the company embarked on a rigorous product stewardship and supply chain management that would ensure safe use of the immediate environment where manufacturing takes place. As a result, the company opted for a joint approach in not only highlighting the prevailing challenges posed to the environment but also holistic control methods that could be adopted to control any associate environmental degradation (Burnes, 2004). Consequently, HM together with Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) laid down a robust plan for investigating the carbon emission level to the enviro nment with the aim of controlling the emission at the point of exit. Both the available resources at the public domain as well as expert opinions were integrated in this Research and Development (RD) study on environmental pollution by carbon. Philanthropy Although the company has been undertaking charitable projects for long, June 2008 was phenomenon since it initiated a joint effort by UNICEF in order to fight against deteriorating situation of child labour in Uzbekistan. The Philanthropy department of the company felt that the cotton industry in this country was abusing the efforts of children who were also far much under age to work in cotton firms. This time round, HM decide to approach the issue differently in order to improve the condition of these children. For instance, the devastating effects of child labour were combated by raising public awareness. Another notable change carried out during this campaign was to champion on the child protection strategies that would positi vely affect the condition of children nationally. Past campaigns of this nature did not employ such approaches. In order to facilitate the project, the company contributed a sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This amount was used to finance the first phase of the project. In 2008 alone, the company opened a total of 214 additional stores. Moreover, Weekday and Monki stores totaling to 20 were also acquired by HM in a bid to expand its trading activities. During the same period, the company opened an outlet in Japan, again for the first time. This new store proved to be highly profitable compared to other outlets that had been opened in the past. A higher percentage of FaBric Scandinavian shares were also acquired by HM thereby expanding the portfolio of the latter (Tate, 2009). Changes in corporate governance Sweden is the country of origin for HM and as a result, it is demanded by law for the company to adhere strictly to the corporate governance code. In 2008, the comp any was compelled to make necessary adjustments in its corporate governance structure especially in Sweden. This was in line with providing relevant information upon request by the authorities (Burnes, 2000; Burnes, 2004; Luecke, 2003; Schuler Jackson, 2007). Annual General Meeting The Company changed its annual general meetings rule in 2005. From the 2005 resolution, participation in the meetings were not allowed. On the other hand the distance participation rule applied to those shareholders who could not be visibly present during Annual General Meetings (Mayle, 2006; Hickson Pugh, 2005). Election Committee An election committee was formed based on the resolutions of the AGM held in April 2005. Initially, it was known as the nomination committee but the company opted to broaden its roles so that it could handle all matters related to elections (Burke, 2008). The new resolutions adopted include the fact that the Election Committee members are to be appointed by the largest shareh olders totaling to five and also the primary shareholder. Theories, models and issues arising from the study One of the most outstanding occurrences that have taken place at HM since 2005 is organizational change with respect to the various aspects that have already been explained in the above section (Bratton Gold, 2001; Sinclair-Hunt Simms, 2005). According to the Grundy model below,HM has adopted both major and various types of changes. For instance, the rate of change in terms of geographical expansion has surpassed the normal or ‘smooth incremental level’ in the Grundy model. It is one of the major change HM has undertaken since 2005. The various changes at HM have both revolved and evolved the company to emerge as one of the market leaders in the production and sale of clothing items and related accessories as shown below. When managers are carrying out strategic planning, change manage is usually top in the priority list (Boxall et al., 2003). Proper planning cannot be eluded if change management is to be effected in the right way (Bullock Batten, 2005; Henry et al., 2002; Kakabadse, A.; Bank Vinnicombe, 2004). In as much as changes are inevitable in organizations, the process of implementation should be thorough if not keen so that those who will be affected by the very changes are either involved or consulted beforehand (Leifer, 2009; Ricketts, 2002; Salaman Asch, 2003). This is necessary in order to minimize nay form of gross resistance to the proposed changes. In the case of HM, the changes implemented by the company between 2005 and 2010 could only be fruitful if employees were made part and parcel of the entire process (Rieley Clarkson, 2001). In addition, change management by HM can only be functional if they are proved to be quite reasonable and pragmatic (Kanter, Stein Jick, 1992; Salaman, Storey Billsberry, 2005; Storey, 2004). It is also important that the suggested changes can be achieved within a given time frame as we ll as measurable (Bond,1999; Buchanan Badham, 2008; Burnes,1996). Nonetheless, it should be noted that these ideals can positively impact an organization if they are first applied at the level of an individual, then to small working teams before the overall effect can spill over to the entire organization (Kogut Zander, 2002; Senior Swailes, 2010). Hence, this theory demands that HM should value the integral role played by small groups or teams within the various departments of the organization (Hodgetts et al., 2000; Holloway, 2002; Jones, Conway Steward, 2001; Love, Gunasekaran Li, 2008; Lynch, 2003). Needless to say, organizations that do not envisage the value of team building hardly penetrate through with the set goals and objectives (Nonaka Takeuchi, 2005; Sathe, 2003). Better still; employees should be taken as architects of change (Kang, Oah Dickinson, 2003; Kanter, 2003; Lee, 2003). They merely act as instruments of pursuing change in organizations (McKenna, 2000; Pa tton McCalman, 2008; Raney Clark, 2010). How HM can manage change effectively As already mentioned, proposed changes with an organization can only be successful when they are applied from an individual level since an organization is realistically made up of individual employees (Davidson DeMarco, 1999; Dawson, 1994; Katz Kahn, 2008). To begin with, the management at HM needs to have thoughtful planning before implementing any change (Holloway, 2002; Peper et al., 2005; Robbins, 2009; Howe, Hoffman Hardigree, 1994). It is imperative for the management at HM to investigate the expected outcome of each change before being implemented (Nonaka, 2001; Pettigrew, 2005). In addition, the individuals being affected by the very change should be brought into mind (Kanter, 1989; Pettigrew Whipp, 2003; Deakins Whittam, 2000). Of all the changes undertaken by HM from 2005 to 2010, employees were not held accountable or responsible in any of the changes implemented (Dawson, 1994; Finlay, 20 00; Moran Brightman, 2001; Ogbanna Harris, 1998). The main role of the HM employees throughout this period was basically to act as instruments of change (Hope Hendry, 1995; Johnson, 2007; Paton McCalman, 2000; Pettinger, 2004). In other words, they played the role of ensuring that the set objectives of the organization are met within the given time frame (Kotter, 1996; Lave Wenger, 2006; Okumus Hemmington, 1998). Hence, both the executive officers and the overall management of an organization are the one charged with the responsibility of managing change within an organization (Nelson, 2003). In the process of managing change, the latter ought to ensure that their employees are either in agreement with the said changes or can fully cope with them (Pareek, 2006; Parhizgar, 2002 ). The management at HM should not be judgmental when implementing change. This is well demonstrated in appendix B whereby radical changes within an organization can lead to instability due to likely res istance. The chart below illustrates the Grundy model and how the major types changes undertaken at HM can affect the company. From the figure above, it is evident that should the company opt to carry out ordinary changes in its operations, then it is highly likely to normalize its rate of growth. The ‘smooth incremental’ line indicates that the changes being implemented y an organization do no result into major outcomes. For a company like HM, a ‘bumpy incremental’ level is necessary to spur growth and outwit market rivals. Fortunately, the company has been keen in all its major changes except in the 2005 resolution whereby it was proposed that shareholders present in Annual General Meetings were not permitted to participate. Although this may have been taken in good faith, it is highly likely that some shareholders may not have been contented with the move, viewing it as a deliberate way of blocking them from airing their opinions on company affairs (Hug hes, M 2010; Robbins, 2005). The process of involving people when proposing change can be explained well using a model for change management principles (Beer Nohria, 2000; Deal Kennedy, 1988). It is prudent for the management at HM to continually involve and unanimously concur with those who are going to be affected by the changes within the system of the organization (Boisot, 1998; DeWit Meyer, 2005). The system of an organization comprises of quite a number of factors such as behaviors, relationships, culture, processes and the environment. In respect to this model, it is pertinent for the management at HM to fully understand the position of the company before implementing any change owing to the fact that an organization is comprised of several delicate elements that can be easily affected when slight changes are introduced (Balogun et al., 2008; Doyle, 2002; EldrodII Tippett, 2002; Fletcher, 2004; Wilson,1992). The change model by Kotter can be recapped as follows: People sh ould be inspired when initiating change and this should be carried out as a matter of urgency. Second, a guiding team with the proper emotional commitment should be built. Third, the right vision should be adopted. Fourth, it is important to communicate the basics concerning the change being implemented as well as removing obstacles that may jeopardize the process of change (Balogun Johnson, 1998; Dunphy Stace, 1993; Evans et al., 2002; Graetz, 2000). According to Porter’s Five Forces model, market competition is drieven by quite a number of both internal and external factors. For instance, potential entrants, buyers, sellers and substitute products are all threats brought about by competition. Even as HM implement various changes in its trading portfolio, the company should take into account the various elements that drive competition so that it does not lose out on its market share (Porter, 1998). The figure below illustrates how competition is a vital factor to be consid ered when HM is impplememting various changes withing its brand portfolio. Source: Porter (1998). Conclusions and recommendations HM has been a key player in the clothing industry for decades now. The company deals in both men and women’s clothing and the related accessories such as handbags, shoes and under wears. Since 2005, the company has undertaken myriad of changes in its trading portfolio as part and parcel of boosting its revenue growth. One of the notable changes at HM has been the rapid geographic expansion of the company beyond its Sweden border (Guimaraes Armstrong, 1998). It currently, it operates several stores and outlets across India, China, Japan as well as several countries in Continental Europe. Other outstanding changes since 2005 include massive collaborations with land mark designers, use of catalogue marketing and online shopping in some countries (Grundy, 1993; Guimaraes Armstrong, 1998). Facilitating these changes at HM has been an uphill task. It is against this reason that proper change management procedures should be embraced by the company in order to yield the anticipated results. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the company should seriously undertake evaluation and impact assessment in its day-to-day operations. Additionally, tracking down progress would require the use of key performance indicators. 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You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lord of the Flies Quotes Explained

Lord of the Flies Quotes Explained Lord of the Flies, William Goldings classic novel about English schoolboys marooned on a deserted island, is a powerful examination of human nature. The following Lord of the Flies quotes illustrate the novels central issues and themes. Quotes About Order and Civilization â€Å"Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything. So weve got to do the right things.† (Chapter 2) This quote, spoken by Jack, serves two purposes in the novel. First, it demonstrates the boys initial dedication to hav[ing] rules and obey[ing] them. They have grown up in English society, and they assume that their new society will be modeled after it. They elect their leader democratically, establish a protocol for speaking and being heard, and assign jobs. They express a desire to do the right things. Later in the novel, the boys descend into chaos. They become the so-called savages that Jack mentions, and Jack is instrumental in this transformation, which brings us to the second purpose of the quote: irony. The more we learn about Jacks increasing sadism, the more absurd this early quote seems. Perhaps Jack never believed in rules in the first place and simply said whatever he needed to say to gain authority on the island. Or, perhaps his belief in order was so superficial that it disappeared after only a short time, making way for his true violent nature to emerge. â€Å"Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law.† (Chapter 4) In this quote, we see how the rules of society influence the boys at the start of their time on the island. Indeed, their initial period of cooperation and organization is fueled by the memory of the old life, where authority figures implemented punishment in response to misbehavior. Yet, this quote also foreshadows the violence that later erupts on the island. Roger refrains from throwing rocks at Henry not because of his own morals or conscience, but because of the memory of societys rules: the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law. This statement underscores Golding’s view of human nature as fundamentally uncivilized, restrained only by external authorities and societal restrictions. Quotes About Evil â€Å"Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill!† (Chapter 8) In this quote, Simon realizes that the the Beast the boys fear is, in fact, the boys themselves. They are their own monsters. In this scene, Simon is hallucinating, so he believes that this statement is made by the Lord of the Flies. However, it is actually Simon himself who has this revelation. Simon represents spirituality in the novel. (In fact, Goldings first draft made Simon an explicitly Christ-like figure.) He is the only character who seems to have a clear sense of right and wrong. He acts according to his conscience, rather than behaving out of fear of consequences or a desire to protect the rules. It makes sense that Simon, as the novels moral figure, is the boy who realizes the evil on the island was the boys own making. â€Å"Im frightened. Of us.† (Chapter 10) Simons revelation is proved tragically correct when he is killed at the hands of the other boys, who hear his frenzy and attack, thinking that he is the Beast. Even Ralph and Piggy, the two most stalwart supporters of order and civilization, are swept up in the panic and take part in Simon’s murder. This quote, spoken by Ralph, highlights just how far the boys have descended into chaos. Ralph is a firm believer in the power of rules to maintain order, but in this statement, he seems uncertain of whether rules can save the boys from themselves. Quotes About Reality [Jack] looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger. He spilt the water and leapt to his feet, laughing excitedly. ... He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling. He capered toward Bill, and the mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness. (Chapter 4) This quote marks the beginning of Jacks ascent to power on the island. In this scene, Jack is looking at his own reflection after painting his face with clay and charcoal. This physical transformation gives Jack a sense of freedom from shame and self-consciousness, and his boyish laughter quickly becomes bloodthirsty snarling. This shift parallels Jacks equally bloodthirsty behavior; he becomes increasingly sadistic and brutal as he gains power over the other boys. A few lines later, Jack gives a command to some of the boys, who quickly obey because the Mask compelled them. The Mask is an illusion of Jacks own creation, but on the island the Mask becomes a thing on its own that conveys authority to Jack. â€Å"The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. And in the middle of them, with filthy body, matted hair, and unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy.† (Chapter 12) Just prior to this scene, the boys have set the fire ablaze and are on the verge of murdering Ralph. However, before they can do so, a ship appears, and a naval captain arrives on the island. The boys immediately burst into tears. Instantly the trappings of Jack’s fierce hunting tribe are gone, any effort to harm Ralph ends, and the boys are children again. Their violent conflicts end abruptly, like a game of pretend. The islands societal structure felt powerfully real, and it even led to several deaths. Nevertheless, that society evaporates instantly as another more powerful social order (the adult world, the military, British society) takes its place, suggesting that perhaps all societal organization is equally as tenuous.

Study for econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study for econ - Essay Example The economic systems are classified on the basis of the ownership of the factor of production, the legal framework, level of competition, distribution of income, and the organization of decision making. The economic systems are evaluated on the basis of the abovementioned factors or criteria and are normally categorized into three main categories which are as follow: Capitalism is basically derived from the right to life, right to liberty, and right to property. This means that capitalism supports the private ownership of the property in order to control the means of production. Other important characteristics include exchange, capital, efficiency, use of markets, etc. In capitalism the market is controlled by the market forces and there is decentralized decision making and economic system. At the same time there are no legal or political institutions or framework to control the market. Five basic characteristics of capitalism economic system are as follow: Marx implemented the theory of history on the sociological and economic impacts of the capitalism economic system. He was of the idea that the capitalism can only occur in short run due to its negative impacts in long run and thus viewed the capitalism economic system at historical stage. According to him the capitalism economics system can only be progressive in short run and eventually will be useless and will be overtaken by socialism. Marx criticized the approach of capitalism as a social economic relation only between the people as opposite to the relation between the people and resources or things. The concept of the private ownership of capital tends to benefit the owners and ignore the labors and workers. The owners earn profits and income on the expense of the labors and workers. He claimed that the capitalism will results in accumulation of more and more capital by the owner and thus diminishing the labors or working class and thus will create the need of social reforms. H ence, the

Study for econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study for econ - Essay Example The economic systems are classified on the basis of the ownership of the factor of production, the legal framework, level of competition, distribution of income, and the organization of decision making. The economic systems are evaluated on the basis of the abovementioned factors or criteria and are normally categorized into three main categories which are as follow: Capitalism is basically derived from the right to life, right to liberty, and right to property. This means that capitalism supports the private ownership of the property in order to control the means of production. Other important characteristics include exchange, capital, efficiency, use of markets, etc. In capitalism the market is controlled by the market forces and there is decentralized decision making and economic system. At the same time there are no legal or political institutions or framework to control the market. Five basic characteristics of capitalism economic system are as follow: Marx implemented the theory of history on the sociological and economic impacts of the capitalism economic system. He was of the idea that the capitalism can only occur in short run due to its negative impacts in long run and thus viewed the capitalism economic system at historical stage. According to him the capitalism economics system can only be progressive in short run and eventually will be useless and will be overtaken by socialism. Marx criticized the approach of capitalism as a social economic relation only between the people as opposite to the relation between the people and resources or things. The concept of the private ownership of capital tends to benefit the owners and ignore the labors and workers. The owners earn profits and income on the expense of the labors and workers. He claimed that the capitalism will results in accumulation of more and more capital by the owner and thus diminishing the labors or working class and thus will create the need of social reforms. H ence, the

Study for econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study for econ - Essay Example The economic systems are classified on the basis of the ownership of the factor of production, the legal framework, level of competition, distribution of income, and the organization of decision making. The economic systems are evaluated on the basis of the abovementioned factors or criteria and are normally categorized into three main categories which are as follow: Capitalism is basically derived from the right to life, right to liberty, and right to property. This means that capitalism supports the private ownership of the property in order to control the means of production. Other important characteristics include exchange, capital, efficiency, use of markets, etc. In capitalism the market is controlled by the market forces and there is decentralized decision making and economic system. At the same time there are no legal or political institutions or framework to control the market. Five basic characteristics of capitalism economic system are as follow: Marx implemented the theory of history on the sociological and economic impacts of the capitalism economic system. He was of the idea that the capitalism can only occur in short run due to its negative impacts in long run and thus viewed the capitalism economic system at historical stage. According to him the capitalism economics system can only be progressive in short run and eventually will be useless and will be overtaken by socialism. Marx criticized the approach of capitalism as a social economic relation only between the people as opposite to the relation between the people and resources or things. The concept of the private ownership of capital tends to benefit the owners and ignore the labors and workers. The owners earn profits and income on the expense of the labors and workers. He claimed that the capitalism will results in accumulation of more and more capital by the owner and thus diminishing the labors or working class and thus will create the need of social reforms. H ence, the

Family on Film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family on Film - Movie Review Example In both of these movies, the directors show these mothers in different terms of success: Beth does not succeed because she cares too much about society, and Antonia and Danielle succeed because they are willing to break free from society’s constraints. In â€Å"Ordinary People,† Beth is the mother of Conrad and Buck. After Buck dies in a boating accident, Beth focuses a lot of pent-up guilt and blame on Conrad, and acts in a way that defies the expectations of what it means to be maternal. Mostly, people think of maternal nature as being warm and nurturing, abut Beth is cold and sarcastic towards Conrad, and berates him for being weak, just because he needs to see a psychiatrist about their dysfunctional family. Beth is fixated on the idea that the family should appear â€Å"normal,† and fit in to society. For example, when Calvin, Conrad’s father, lets it slip that Conrad has been seeking mental help at a party, Beth is furious, because this disrupts the idea of the normal family that she has strived so hard for (Ordinary, 1980). And when Conrad finally gathers the courage to tell Beth that he blames her for never visiting him in the mental hospital, she is still cold and sarcastic to him, using this as an opportunity to tell him once again how much more she loved Buck than she loves him.

Economic Development of India and China

Economic Development of India and China ABSTRACT This study looks at the factors that have shaped the economic development of India and China. Starting in the 1990s, a gap emerged in the economic development between the comparable countries. This gap can be attributed to many factors including: China’s authoritarian government and focus on infrastructure, India’s focus on the service sector rather than manufacturing, and India’s late embrace of the market economy. Although this gap has been consistent since the 1990s, there is a possibility to close the economic developmental gap between the two Asian countries. INTRODUCTION India and China are both leaders in Asia’s emerging market. However, currently, China gets ten times more foreign direct investment than India. This paradox is so intriguing because up until the 1990s, India’s highway and railway infrastructure system was far beyond that of China, and until 1993, the two countries had similar GDPs. However, beginning in the 1990s, a gap emerged in the economic development between the two countries. This study will look at the economic performance, path to modernization, and political similarities and differences. All of these factors play a role in the gap that has emerged.   The globalization process has played a large role in the development of countries worldwide. Firstly, this study will delve into globalization and how the process has impacted each country differently. Secondly, we will look at what factors indicate why China has developed at a much faster pace than India. Finally, it will look at the possibility of bridging the gap.    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Assumption 1: The transformation of development has changed due to globalization. Less developed countries do not have to invest time and capital in research and development; borrowing technology creates faster development. Hypothesis 1: China and India have vastly different markets and political strategies. Globalization had led to massive economic growth in both, however, the different economic and political choices made by both countries have impacted their speeds of development   Theoretical Lens: This study will utilize the liberalist theoretical lens to analyze this study. This theoretical approach abides by the assumption that the driving force behind economic integration is globalization. Therefore, implemented it will lead to increased trade and investment. Globalization has played a heavy role in the development of both India and China, and can assist in the explanation of the gap that has occurred. Globalization is supported by classical economic liberals because they adhere to what globalization essentially stands for. Because this study focuses primarily on economic development, this study will utilize the focus that the liberal school of international relations has on the economic benefits of globalization.   Globalization has assisted in the worldwide spread of large companies, democratic values (India), and skill sets. China is a perfect example of the benefits globalization can offer. Their growth can be attributed to their large manufacturing export sector and the market incentives that came when they opened their economy.    METHODOLOGY Research Question: How are China and India’s different choices responsible for India’s lag behind China? Thesis Statement: The gap that has occurred between India and China can be attributed to various factors including India’s focus on the service sector, the lack of government cohesiveness, and their late opening to the global market.    Data Collection: I chose these two specific countries for a few reasons. These neighboring countries share a 2000-kilometer border. They each have a large population and similar objectives. Their relationship has transformed in many ways in modern history; transitioning from ally to rival and back to allies again. They both endured devastating famines and they are both historically very similar. One of the biggest gaps that I noticed is that their pace to development differs greatly. This gap began to occur in the 1990’s, therefore my study will focus on 1990-now. This paper will rely primarily on qualitative research found in scholarly journal articles and books. The sources are available on the internet.   The Journals utilized includes: Journal of Indian Business Research, Modern Asian Studies, The China Quarterly, Asian Survey, Comparative Politics, and International Affairs. This study also used data from the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). BACKGROUND When looking at each countries’ current state, it is important to acknowledge their respective histories and the role that they played. Both China and India have a long history, however, their histories vary. Both were major exporters of textiles and largely dominated the seas until 1500. Both countries have vast territories and utilized this in the agricultural sector. However, China’s history drove it towards mass industrialization. China is a large, centrally run state and has a history of stability and single authority. Their country views itself as a unitary, hard state. This allows them to pursue single goals with ease and mobilize resources effectively. India endured foreign rule from the British until their Independence in 1947. India struggled to find unity within diversity and articulating an integrated vision of Indian nationhood. They had issues because they were trying to accommodate different languages and religions within a democratic framework. However, the average Indian was slightly better off than the average Chinese the first few years after India’s independence. These historical legacies have greatly influenced the political and economics of China and India. CHAPTER I: GLOBALIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The globalization process has introduced numerous opportunities and threats to India and China. Both countries have extensively liberalized their economies in recent years and they have seen rapid economic growth in the past two decades. However, these two countries have benefited from these opportunities at very different rates and responded to the process in different ways. This is where our study’s first questions is introduced: The globalization has effected developing countries differently, why? The ambassador to the Geneva Center for Security Policy defines globalization as, â€Å"A complex process that involves economic integration, transfer of policies across borders, and the transmission of knowledge.† [1] It is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transitional and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities. Therefore, it is evident that this concept plays an integral role in this study. Global integration has decreased poverty in China more so than in India. However, there has been an overall decline in poverty for both countries. The main difference between China and India is the inequality that has developed in India due to the change in economic status within the society. Overall, globalization and economic integration has increased the number of people living in extreme poverty in the world’s richest and poorest countries.    India India is still in the ongoing process of globalization and economic integration into the world economy.   Most scholars believe that the starting point for economic liberalization in India is began in 1991.[2] This is when the government openly sought integration into the economy and their orientation shifted. This included the removal of tariffs and restrictions on foreign trade. The Indian government also liberalized their foreign direct investment and cut taxes during this time. Although there was an orientation shift in 1991, regions within India experienced very different growth rates. This is mostly a result of the differences in foreign direct investment flow. During this time, only 4 regions accounted for 43.74% of FDI in the country.[3] Globalization caused uneven growth regionally as well as in different sectors. Growth in the agriculture sector declined significantly in comparison to the manufacturing and service sectors. If growth would have been spread more evenly throughout the various sectors, inequality and poverty would decrease across the country. China China’s rapid growth is associated with them being one of the first Asian countries to integrate the globalization process and open up to the world economy. In the past 40 years, China’s approach to development has been so successful that they are now ranked as the second most important economy. They began their economic reform in 1970s which gave them a head start in growth rate in comparison to other countries in the region. Currently China’s service sector is much broader than India’s. This includes tourism, business, and transport services. Globalization has led to rapid economic development within China.   In the 1990s, China focused on being labor intensive. They diversified their export sector to include computer equipment and telecommunications. Their manufacturing increased from 72% of merchandise exports to 91%.[4] This demonstrated China’s importance in the world economy and the manufacturing sector. Overall, the globalization process sped up the GDP growth rate in China. It also decreased their vulnerability to economic crises. It actually protected them from the Asian financial crisis in the 1990s. Different choices in history by China and India have resulted in China being a leader in economic development. This is because China opened up their markets earlier and India started in 1991. India also did not focus on industrialization. They specialized in services and IT. Unfortunately, the IT-sector does not contribute a large benefit to GDP, therefore, this growth did not result in significant growth within India. CHAPTER 2: FACTORS THAT STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITY This chapter will look factors that have encouraged the rise of China and lag of India. This puzzle is specifically intriguing because the countries’ GDPs were so similar up until the 1990s. This is where the second question within this study is introduced: Why has China developed so much faster? Below are the main reasons why China is so far ahead of India: China is an Autocracy. The Chinese authoritarian government owns all of the land. China’s government allows for quick land acquisition for development of infrastructure projects and to restore and rehabilitate the displaced people. This leads to faster decision making and faster implementation.   In the 1990’s China had a rapid infrastructure push and roads, railways, and airports were built. Rather than waiting for the need to arise, China’s government built for their country’s projected needs. For the most part, the policy decisions decided on are not altered by different party politics, ideology or leadership change. This allows the government to stay committed to a focus on their economic growth. One of the most successful government implemented policies is the encouragement of resource mobilization. China has an extremely strong savings culture. There are four large state banks that citizens deposit their money into. Overall, China has a faster growth of capital stock which results in rapid growth of capital intensity. This high savings rate has transformed into available capital. This capital is directed by the leadership into various key projects. This correlates to China’s focus on infrastructure projects. This capital has financed the majority of the government infrastructure projects in China. China embraced a market economy early. China experienced one of the greatest comparative advantages in economics’ history. In the 1990’s, China began to focus more on their relations with strong global powers like the United States, Russia, Japan, and European countries. They embraced market economy in 1992 and utilized their massive amounts of land. Land reform led to equitable distribution of income and wealth throughout the country. China has a strong manufacturing base. When China invaded the world market, they focused on labor-intensive manufacturing sectors like textile and apparel. They successfully transitioned from agriculture into high productivity sectors. They began to focus their orientation largely on exporting manufacturing goods. China successfully became the world’s manufacturing hub by creating low-cost electronic and hardware products. This provided a much needed boost to their economy and a substantial amount of jobs were provided. China has favorable demographics. China’s population provides them with a massive market making their current demographics favorable for a strong economy. China currently has more people in working age which leads to higher productivity and a higher GDP. However, due to the One Child Policy, this is expected to decline in the future. That being said, China’s population has been one of their best selling points. Chinese leaders organized delegations, hosted conferences, and successfully convinced foreign investors that China was stable and committed to an open-door policy. They essentially used their massive size as a selling point to increase foreign investment. Additionally, China’s population has a high literacy rate compared to India. Mao rapidly increased literacy rates within China, particularly in women. In 2012, the adult literacy rate was 96.4% in China and 71.2% in India.[5] China has a hidden source of income: the tourism industry. They host almost 6 times more tourists every year in comparison to India. This industry creates over 60 million jobs in China. This hidden source of income dominates their service sector. China has a flexible investment zone. They have a highly developed bond market where investors can easily hedge their risks against deviations. They also have the China Development Bank which heavily finances their infrastructure development. Their government has successfully created flexible investment zones, and export processing zones that are combined with tax incentives and strong infrastructure. China has a much higher FDI from OECD countries due to its large domestic market.[6] They also have stronger international trade ties with these countries. Below are the main reasons why India’s growth has been stunted in comparison to China’s: India’s growth model: India has focused predominately on an idiosyncratic pattern of development. However, they have emphasized services and skill-intensive manufacturing rather than labor- intensive manufacturing.[7] India is a democracy. India’s government politicians’ policy decision are often driven by what will get them the most votes rather than what is necessarily right for the country. Winning elections is prioritized, and things like subsidies take precedence over large infrastructure projects. This causes delays and the result is ineffective decision making. They have multiple political parties with no coherent approach to development. Additionally, the government has not provided a stable macro-economic environment. India’s main focus is on the service sector. India never experienced mass industrialization or a boost in the manufacturing sector. They still currently focus on the service sector which includes skill and knowledge.   The service IT-sector which India has focused on does not contribute a large benefit to GDP. India’s economy opened up much later than China. The economy is currently largely closed and trade is a much smaller part of its economy. Their country fosters a sense of protectionism that prohibits companies from owning a majority of a company within India. The intention of this policy was to foster native companies, however, it has stifled their growth and economy. However, in 1991, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao implemented reforms to accelerate Indian economic growth.[8] These results were short lived, and due to political paralysis of policies, economic growth was stunted once again.   India has a poor methodology towards infrastructure. India’s approach to infrastructure is to wait for the demand to arise before building. China is the opposite. India’s mall infrastructure projects have been funded by private companies. India is in dire need of a development finance institution (a lender solely for long-term infrastructure projects). India lacks the business-above-all attitude. Unlike China, India has extremely stringent environmental protection laws. This often leads to cost escalation. It has been referenced as a third world country with first world ambitions and resources but outrageous environmental ethics.[9] Trade and economic growth have not been paramount in India. Their focus on native companies and local industry has curbed and restricted foreign investment. CHAPTER 3: LESSONS TO BE LEARNED AND PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE What are some policy lessons to be learned? The education system needs to be at the forefront. It is important for India to maintain the current comparative advantage over China within the IT-sector. In order to do that, India must continue to reform the educational system and promote education throughout the country. Overall, the average level of education needs to increase. Additionally, specialized training can further strengthen their labor force. Finally, India’s government needs to realize that industrialization rather than service specialization is needed to reach high growth rates. Is it possible to bridge the gap? Demographically, India’s population and market will soon be the size of China’s. By 2020, India’s working age population is projected to overtake China. This is partially a result of China’s One Child Policy. The UN projected that India will have more than 1 billion people in working age by 2050. As of 2012, India’s fertility rate was at 2.5 compared to China’s 1.7.[10] India also offers cheaper labor costs, geographic closeness to many OECD investor countries, and lower country risk. This can increase their prospects for increased FDI investment. In efforts to boost tourism, India is implemented a new policy that allows for visa on arrival without the need to visit an Indian consulate or visa center. This policy has the opportunity to increase country revenue and support job growth within the service industry. Since the election of Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, foreign investment has been increasing in India. PM Mobi has pledged to banish India’s reputation as a hard place to invest and do business. He also plans to invest heavily in rail, roadway and energy infrastructures. He promises to create efficient bureaucracy, develop the necessary infrastructure to support profitable industries, and work side by side with foreign and domestic investors to efficiently implement their projects.[11] CONCLUSION There are various economic and political choices made by both countries in the past that have largely effected their developmental success today. This study identifies these reasons as specific pieces to the gap puzzle. When we look at these as a whole we can see why there is such a large gap in the economic development of India and China. China’s began their orientation towards the world economy in 1978, while India did not shift their orientation until 1991. It is possible to successfully bridge the gap between the two countries. However, considering the 15 year head start that China has on India, this process will take time. That being said, India’s new Prime Minister Narendra Modi offers a glimmer of consistency and productive policies to ensure India’s continued development. REFERENCES DeLong, J. B. (2003). India since independence: An analytic growth narrative.  In search of prosperity: analytic narratives on economic growth, 184-204. G.K. Kalyanaram, (2009) Indias economic growth and market potential: benchmarked against China,  Journal of Indian Business Research, Vol. 1 Issue: 1, pp.57-65,  https://doi.org/10.1108/17554190910963208 Fravel, M. (2010). International Relations Theory and Chinas Rise: Assessing Chinas Potential for Territorial Expansion.  International Studies Review,  12(4), 505-532. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.library3.webster.edu/stable/40931355 Hall, I. (2017). Narendra Modi and Indias normative power.  International Affairs,  93(1), 113-131. Malik, J. (1995). China-India Relations in the Post-Soviet Era: The Continuing Rivalry.  The China Quarterly,  (142), 317-355. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.library3.webster.edu/stable/655419 Nayef R.F. Al-Rodhan and Gerard Stoudmann, (2006) â€Å"Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and A Proposed Definition†, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, available at http://www.gcsp.ch/e/publications/Globalization/index.htm. Reich, M. R., & Bowonder, B. (1992). Environmental Policy in India.  Policy Studies Journal,  20(4), 643-661. The World Bank, World Development Indicators (2012). Fertility rate, total (births per woman). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN.   UNICEF (2012). State of the World Statistics, Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_statistics.html Wenhui Wei, (2005) â€Å"China and India: Any difference in their FDI performances?†, Journal of Asian Economics, Volume 16, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 719-736, ISSN 1049-0078, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2005.06.004. [1] Nayef R.F. Al-Rodhan and Gerard Stoudmann, â€Å"Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and A Proposed Definition†, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 2006, available at http://www.gcsp.ch/e/publications/Globalization/index.htm. [2] G.K. Kalyanaram, (2009) Indias economic growth and market potential: benchmarked against China,  Journal of Indian Business Research, Vol. 1 Issue: 1, pp.57-65,  https://doi.org/10.1108/17554190910963208 [3] G.K. Kalynarma, (2009). [4] Fravel, M. (2010). International Relations Theory and Chinas Rise: Assessing Chinas Potential for Territorial Expansion.  International Studies Review,  12(4), 505-532. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.library3.webster.edu/stable/40931355 [5] UNICEF (2012). State of the World Statistics, Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_statistics.html [6] Wenhui Wei, (2005) â€Å"China and India: Any difference in their FDI performances?†, Journal of Asian Economics, Volume 16, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 719-736, ISSN 1049-0078, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2005.06.004. [7] Malik, J. (1995). China-India Relations in the Post-Soviet Era: The Continuing Rivalry.  The China Quarterly,  (142), 317-355. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.library3.webster.edu/stable/655419 [8] DeLong, J. B. (2003). India since independence: An analytic growth narrative.  In search of prosperity: analytic narratives on economic growth, 184-204. [9] Reich, M. R., & Bowonder, B. (1992). Environmental Policy in India.  Policy Studies Journal,  20(4), 643-661 [10] The World Bank, World Development Indicators (2012). Fertility rate, total (births per woman). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN.   [11] Hall, I. (2017). Narendra Modi and Indias normative power.  International Affairs,  93(1), 113-131.